Dojčenie a zubný kaz
Viaceré štúdie naznačujú, že dojčené deti majú menší výskyt zubného kazu ako deti kŕmené umelými mliekami. Na druhej strane, deti zvyknuté spať s matkinou bradavkou v puse, prípadne počas noci opakovane piť z prsníka majú väčšie riziko zubného kazu, najmä pri nedostatočnom prívode fluoridov. Kŕmenie z fľaše a najmä zaspávanie s fľašou v ústach zvyšuje rizikov zubného kazu. Materské mlieko nie je kariogénne.
Pediatr Dent 1999 Nov-Dec;21(7):409-16 |
Feeding practices of Greek children with and without nursing caries.
Oulis CJ, Berdouses ED, Vadiakas G, Lygidakis NA
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University of Athens, Greece.
PURPOSE: This study was performed to examine the feeding practices and demographic and nursing characteristics of Greek children with and without nursing caries. It was also intended to evaluate what dentists and pediatricians tell parents when they examine children with nursing caries. METHODS: 260 children, ages 3-5 (130 with nursing caries, NC group, and 130 without, NNC group) participated in the study. RESULTS: 95% of the NC group used the bottle at night. In the control, although 85% of the group used the bottle, none of the children developed nursing caries. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The nursing habit of bottle feeding is not the only factor determining the development of nursing caries. 2) Falling asleep with the bottle seems to be the most determinant factor associated with the development of nursing caries. 3) Breastfeeding of the child for more than 40 days may act preventively and inhibit the development of nursing caries in children.
Oulis CJ, Berdouses ED, Vadiakas G, Lygidakis NA
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University of Athens, Greece.
PURPOSE: This study was performed to examine the feeding practices and demographic and nursing characteristics of Greek children with and without nursing caries. It was also intended to evaluate what dentists and pediatricians tell parents when they examine children with nursing caries. METHODS: 260 children, ages 3-5 (130 with nursing caries, NC group, and 130 without, NNC group) participated in the study. RESULTS: 95% of the NC group used the bottle at night. In the control, although 85% of the group used the bottle, none of the children developed nursing caries. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The nursing habit of bottle feeding is not the only factor determining the development of nursing caries. 2) Falling asleep with the bottle seems to be the most determinant factor associated with the development of nursing caries. 3) Breastfeeding of the child for more than 40 days may act preventively and inhibit the development of nursing caries in children.
Caries Res 1998;32(5):319-23 |
Association between caries prevalence and clinical, microbiological and dietary variables in 1.0 to 2.5-year-old Brazilian children.
Mattos-Graner RO, Zelante F, Line RC, Mayer MP
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of Sao Paulo, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. p-graner@siso.fo.usp.br
The association between caries prevalence and clinical (presence of visible plaque in the labial surfaces of maxillary incisors), microbiological (salivary levels of mutans streptococci) and dietary variables was evaluated in 142 1.0- to 2.5-year-old children attending public day-care nurseries in the city of Piracicaba - Sao Paulo. A significant difference in caries prevalence was observed between those children with and without visible plaque (chi2 = 12.08, p < 0.001). The mean ds (decayed surfaces) was significantly higher in children with visible plaque on the maxillary incisors than in children without it (p < 0.001). Mutans streptococci were detected in 114 (80.3%) of the children. A significantly higher caries prevalence was observed in children with high levels of mutans streptococci compared to children with low levels (chi2 = 28.67, p < 0.001). The mean ds was significantly higher in children with levels of mutans streptococci greater than 50 CFU when compared to children with 0 CFU or 1-50 CFU of mutans streptococci (p < 0.05). Children who were either never breast-fed or only until 3 months exhibited a significantly higher caries prevalence than those breast-fed for a longer time (chi2 = 4.11, p < 0.05). A significantly higher caries prevalence was also observed between children that used bottle containing milk with sucrose and cereal than children using bottle with milk with or without sucrose (chi2 = 6.24, p < 0.05). Children who started to eat salty meals at or after 7 months of age showed a significant higher caries prevalence than children who started earlier (chi2 = 10.30, p < 0.01). These data support the evidence of an association between caries prevalence in young children and mutans streptococci levels, clinical and dietary factors.
Mattos-Graner RO, Zelante F, Line RC, Mayer MP
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of Sao Paulo, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. p-graner@siso.fo.usp.br
The association between caries prevalence and clinical (presence of visible plaque in the labial surfaces of maxillary incisors), microbiological (salivary levels of mutans streptococci) and dietary variables was evaluated in 142 1.0- to 2.5-year-old children attending public day-care nurseries in the city of Piracicaba - Sao Paulo. A significant difference in caries prevalence was observed between those children with and without visible plaque (chi2 = 12.08, p < 0.001). The mean ds (decayed surfaces) was significantly higher in children with visible plaque on the maxillary incisors than in children without it (p < 0.001). Mutans streptococci were detected in 114 (80.3%) of the children. A significantly higher caries prevalence was observed in children with high levels of mutans streptococci compared to children with low levels (chi2 = 28.67, p < 0.001). The mean ds was significantly higher in children with levels of mutans streptococci greater than 50 CFU when compared to children with 0 CFU or 1-50 CFU of mutans streptococci (p < 0.05). Children who were either never breast-fed or only until 3 months exhibited a significantly higher caries prevalence than those breast-fed for a longer time (chi2 = 4.11, p < 0.05). A significantly higher caries prevalence was also observed between children that used bottle containing milk with sucrose and cereal than children using bottle with milk with or without sucrose (chi2 = 6.24, p < 0.05). Children who started to eat salty meals at or after 7 months of age showed a significant higher caries prevalence than children who started earlier (chi2 = 10.30, p < 0.01). These data support the evidence of an association between caries prevalence in young children and mutans streptococci levels, clinical and dietary factors.
Caries Res 1998;32(1):46-50 |
Prolonged demand breast-feeding and nursing caries.
Weerheijm KL, Uyttendaele-Speybrouck BF, Euwe HC, Groen HJ
Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands. K.Weerheijm@acta.nl
The aim of this study was to study the characteristics and to explore risk factors within a group of Dutch children breast-fed on demand over a prolonged period, whose mothers attended the meetings of La Leche League. Ninety-six children, 55 boys and 41 girls (mean age 28.8 months, SD 8.8), were examined. Most of the parents belong to a higher socio-economic working class. The examination included a questionnaire and dietary sheet, combined with the caries status of the child. On average the children were breast-feed for 21.5 months (SD 9.8). The mean age at which the parents started brushing the children's teeth was 11.7 months (SD 5.1). Fluoridated toothpaste (250 ppm fluoride) was used by 70% of the children. The children were divided into three groups according to their caries pattern: 1 caries-free; 2 caries, and 3 nursing caries. Dentine caries was found in 14 (14.5%) of the children, of which 9 (9.3%) met the criteria of nursing caries. The mean dmfs of all children examined was 1.2 (SD 4.8). Up to 18 months of age the breast was given significantly more frequently during the night and up to 24 months during the day time, to the children of the nursing caries group compared to the children in the other two groups. The children still being breast-fed at the time of investigation more frequently slept in their parents' bed. The children of the nursing-caries group used fluoridated dentifrices less often. The majority of children of the caries and nursing-caries groups did not receive fluoride from other sources. The results of the present study demonstrate that prolonged demand breast-feeding does not lead to a higher caries prevalence although comparison between the groups demonstrates that frequent breast-feeding and low additional fluoride use should be considered as contributing factors in the process of nursing caries.
Weerheijm KL, Uyttendaele-Speybrouck BF, Euwe HC, Groen HJ
Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands. K.Weerheijm@acta.nl
The aim of this study was to study the characteristics and to explore risk factors within a group of Dutch children breast-fed on demand over a prolonged period, whose mothers attended the meetings of La Leche League. Ninety-six children, 55 boys and 41 girls (mean age 28.8 months, SD 8.8), were examined. Most of the parents belong to a higher socio-economic working class. The examination included a questionnaire and dietary sheet, combined with the caries status of the child. On average the children were breast-feed for 21.5 months (SD 9.8). The mean age at which the parents started brushing the children's teeth was 11.7 months (SD 5.1). Fluoridated toothpaste (250 ppm fluoride) was used by 70% of the children. The children were divided into three groups according to their caries pattern: 1 caries-free; 2 caries, and 3 nursing caries. Dentine caries was found in 14 (14.5%) of the children, of which 9 (9.3%) met the criteria of nursing caries. The mean dmfs of all children examined was 1.2 (SD 4.8). Up to 18 months of age the breast was given significantly more frequently during the night and up to 24 months during the day time, to the children of the nursing caries group compared to the children in the other two groups. The children still being breast-fed at the time of investigation more frequently slept in their parents' bed. The children of the nursing-caries group used fluoridated dentifrices less often. The majority of children of the caries and nursing-caries groups did not receive fluoride from other sources. The results of the present study demonstrate that prolonged demand breast-feeding does not lead to a higher caries prevalence although comparison between the groups demonstrates that frequent breast-feeding and low additional fluoride use should be considered as contributing factors in the process of nursing caries.
Community Dent Health 1995 Mar;12(1):42-7 |
Breast feeding, bottle feeding and dental caries in Kuwait, a country with low-fluoride levels in the water supply.
al-Dashti AA, Williams SA, Curzon ME
Leeds Dental Institute, UK.
A study was carried out in Kuwait, a country with low levels of fluoride in the water supplies, to determine the prevalence and extent of caries in early childhood, and enquire into associated factors. Mothers of pre-schoolchildren were interviewed, and their children aged 18 to 48 months received a dental examination. Of the 227 children examined, 107 (47 per cent) were caries free, and 41 (18%) had five or more dmf teeth. 'Nursing caries', affecting at least two maxillary incisors, was seen in 19 per cent of the sample. Breast fed children were significantly more likely to be caries free than those who were bottle fed from birth, although 'nursing caries' was positively associated with the practice of breast feeding at night 'at will' after 6 months of age (P < 0.01). Bottle fed children were more likely to develop caries, including 'nursing caries', particularly when the practice was continued to an older age. It was concluded that 'nursing caries' constitutes a significant dental health problem in Kuwait.
al-Dashti AA, Williams SA, Curzon ME
Leeds Dental Institute, UK.
A study was carried out in Kuwait, a country with low levels of fluoride in the water supplies, to determine the prevalence and extent of caries in early childhood, and enquire into associated factors. Mothers of pre-schoolchildren were interviewed, and their children aged 18 to 48 months received a dental examination. Of the 227 children examined, 107 (47 per cent) were caries free, and 41 (18%) had five or more dmf teeth. 'Nursing caries', affecting at least two maxillary incisors, was seen in 19 per cent of the sample. Breast fed children were significantly more likely to be caries free than those who were bottle fed from birth, although 'nursing caries' was positively associated with the practice of breast feeding at night 'at will' after 6 months of age (P < 0.01). Bottle fed children were more likely to develop caries, including 'nursing caries', particularly when the practice was continued to an older age. It was concluded that 'nursing caries' constitutes a significant dental health problem in Kuwait.
Community Dent Health 1993 Dec;10(4):405-13 |
Patterns of breast and bottle feeding and their association with dental caries in 1- to 4-year-old South African children. 1. Dental caries prevalence and experience.
Roberts GJ, Cleaton-Jones PE, Fatti LP, Richardson BD, Sinwel RE, Hargreaves JA, Williams S
Guy's Dental School, Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, London, UK.
In order to study associations between breast and bottle feeding and dental caries a questionnaire on feeding habits was completed by trained interviewers for 1,263 children aged 1 to 4 years from five South African communities. Of these, 73 to 94 per cent had been breast fed for mean periods of 9 to 16 months. The types of infant feeding practised (breast, bottle or mixed) varied little within the groups although each group differed significantly from the others for the preferred feeding practice. Using responses to a dietary interview the children were subdivided into those breast fed for 12 months or longer (n = 546), those who had mixed breast and bottle feeding (n = 527) and those who were bottle fed only (n = 190). Caries prevalence increased with the age of the child, more in bottle fed than other groups. Within all feeding groups caries prevalence was lowest among white children and in social class I. The dmfs and dmft scores showed irregular patterns and were significantly influenced by feeding group and the interaction between race and social class.
Roberts GJ, Cleaton-Jones PE, Fatti LP, Richardson BD, Sinwel RE, Hargreaves JA, Williams S
Guy's Dental School, Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, London, UK.
In order to study associations between breast and bottle feeding and dental caries a questionnaire on feeding habits was completed by trained interviewers for 1,263 children aged 1 to 4 years from five South African communities. Of these, 73 to 94 per cent had been breast fed for mean periods of 9 to 16 months. The types of infant feeding practised (breast, bottle or mixed) varied little within the groups although each group differed significantly from the others for the preferred feeding practice. Using responses to a dietary interview the children were subdivided into those breast fed for 12 months or longer (n = 546), those who had mixed breast and bottle feeding (n = 527) and those who were bottle fed only (n = 190). Caries prevalence increased with the age of the child, more in bottle fed than other groups. Within all feeding groups caries prevalence was lowest among white children and in social class I. The dmfs and dmft scores showed irregular patterns and were significantly influenced by feeding group and the interaction between race and social class.
Pediatr Dent 1999 Mar-Apr;21(2):86-90 |
Investigation of the role of human breast milk in caries development.
Erickson PR, Mazhari E
Division of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine the caries-related risk associated with human breast milk (HBM). METHODS: First, the plaque pH of 18 children (12-24 months) was monitored before and after a five-minute feeding with HBM to determine the pH drop and minimum pH obtained. Second, Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 was cultured for 3 hr in HBM, and the increase in the number of colony forming units (cfus) and the culture pH was measured. Third, HBM was incubated for 24 hr with powdered enamel to determine the solubility of mineral in the absence of bacteria. Fourth, HBM was mixed with acid to determine the buffering capabilities. Finally, enamel windows were created on extracted premolar crowns (N = 33) that were colonized with Mutans Streptococci and incubated with HBM. Caries was assessed visually and radiographically for 12 weeks. RESULTS: One- and two-way ANOVAs of these five assays demonstrated that HBM did not cause a significant drop in plaque pH when compared to rinsing with water; HBM supported moderate bacterial growth; calcium and phosphate were actually deposited onto enamel powder after incubation with HBM; the buffer capacity of HBM was very poor; and HBM alone did not cause enamel decalcification even after 12 weeks exposure. However, when supplemented with 10% sucrose, HBM caused dentinal caries in 3.2 weeks. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that human breast milk is not cariogenic.
Erickson PR, Mazhari E
Division of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine the caries-related risk associated with human breast milk (HBM). METHODS: First, the plaque pH of 18 children (12-24 months) was monitored before and after a five-minute feeding with HBM to determine the pH drop and minimum pH obtained. Second, Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 was cultured for 3 hr in HBM, and the increase in the number of colony forming units (cfus) and the culture pH was measured. Third, HBM was incubated for 24 hr with powdered enamel to determine the solubility of mineral in the absence of bacteria. Fourth, HBM was mixed with acid to determine the buffering capabilities. Finally, enamel windows were created on extracted premolar crowns (N = 33) that were colonized with Mutans Streptococci and incubated with HBM. Caries was assessed visually and radiographically for 12 weeks. RESULTS: One- and two-way ANOVAs of these five assays demonstrated that HBM did not cause a significant drop in plaque pH when compared to rinsing with water; HBM supported moderate bacterial growth; calcium and phosphate were actually deposited onto enamel powder after incubation with HBM; the buffer capacity of HBM was very poor; and HBM alone did not cause enamel decalcification even after 12 weeks exposure. However, when supplemented with 10% sucrose, HBM caused dentinal caries in 3.2 weeks. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that human breast milk is not cariogenic.
ASDC J Dent Child 1994 Jul-Aug;61(4):293-8 |
A study of baby bottle tooth decay and risk factors for 18-month old infants in rural Japan.
Tsubouchi J, Higashi T, Shimono T, Domoto PK, Weinstein P
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Washington.
Caries risk factors in rural Japan were identified for 637 children age eighteen months. Oral examinations, behavioral risk questionnaires and caries activity tests (Cariostat) were utilized. Results indicated an overall 13.7 percent prevalence of decay and strong correlations between Cariostat and caries status. Of the behavioral risk factors, weaning from breast feeding was most closely related with caries status. All factors resulted in correct classifications of Cariostat score and caries status. These results suggest that a screening of high risk infants can be accomplished by using the questionnaire and Cariostat test.
Tsubouchi J, Higashi T, Shimono T, Domoto PK, Weinstein P
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Washington.
Caries risk factors in rural Japan were identified for 637 children age eighteen months. Oral examinations, behavioral risk questionnaires and caries activity tests (Cariostat) were utilized. Results indicated an overall 13.7 percent prevalence of decay and strong correlations between Cariostat and caries status. Of the behavioral risk factors, weaning from breast feeding was most closely related with caries status. All factors resulted in correct classifications of Cariostat score and caries status. These results suggest that a screening of high risk infants can be accomplished by using the questionnaire and Cariostat test.
ASDC J Dent Child 1996 Nov-Dec;63(6):426-33 |
Epidemiologic study of 19-month-old Edmonton, Alberta children: caries rates and risk factors.
Weinstein P, Smith WF, Fraser-Lee N, Shimono T, Tsubouchi J
A random sample of 938 19-month-old Edmonton children and their parents/caretakers were studied. Parents were interviewed and children were examined. Specimens for a caries activity test were collected at the examination. Results indicated 25 percent of the children had moderate to high caries activity, as shown by the Cariostat, with 4.6 percent showing decalcification lesions and frank caries. Early caries (BBTD) were found to be related to bottle feeding practices,discomfort with allowing the child to cry, and with mother being foreign-born. Foreign-born status was associated with the above parenting practices. Preferences for preventive recommendations and other descriptive results were reported.
Weinstein P, Smith WF, Fraser-Lee N, Shimono T, Tsubouchi J
A random sample of 938 19-month-old Edmonton children and their parents/caretakers were studied. Parents were interviewed and children were examined. Specimens for a caries activity test were collected at the examination. Results indicated 25 percent of the children had moderate to high caries activity, as shown by the Cariostat, with 4.6 percent showing decalcification lesions and frank caries. Early caries (BBTD) were found to be related to bottle feeding practices,discomfort with allowing the child to cry, and with mother being foreign-born. Foreign-born status was associated with the above parenting practices. Preferences for preventive recommendations and other descriptive results were reported.
Community Dent Health 1994 Mar;11(1):38-41 |
Patterns of breast and bottle feeding and their association with dental caries in 1- to 4-year-old South African children. 2. A case control study of children with nursing caries.
Roberts GJ, Cleaton-Jones PE, Fatti LP, Richardson BD, Sinwel RE, Hargreaves JA, Williams S, Lucas VS
Guy's Dental School, Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, London, UK.
In a case control study, 109 children with nursing caries (> or = 2 decayed, missing, or filled labial or palatal surfaces of primary incisor teeth) were matched for age, race, gender, and social class to 109 children without nursing caries from the same study areas. Mean dmfs and dmft scores were statistically higher in the nursing caries group but no statistically significant differences were found for feeding patterns between the groups in relation to the prevalence of nursing caries. In the present study nursing caries was found to be unrelated to the length of type of feeding (breast or bottle).
Roberts GJ, Cleaton-Jones PE, Fatti LP, Richardson BD, Sinwel RE, Hargreaves JA, Williams S, Lucas VS
Guy's Dental School, Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, London, UK.
In a case control study, 109 children with nursing caries (> or = 2 decayed, missing, or filled labial or palatal surfaces of primary incisor teeth) were matched for age, race, gender, and social class to 109 children without nursing caries from the same study areas. Mean dmfs and dmft scores were statistically higher in the nursing caries group but no statistically significant differences were found for feeding patterns between the groups in relation to the prevalence of nursing caries. In the present study nursing caries was found to be unrelated to the length of type of feeding (breast or bottle).
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994 Oct;22(5 Pt 1):289-93 |
Nursing caries, linear hypoplasia, and nursing and weaning habits in Tanzanian infants.
Matee M, van't Hof M, Maselle S, Mikx F, van Palenstein Helderman W
Department of Microbiology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
A cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of rampant caries in infants and a case-control study were executed to determine the prevalence of rampant caries and its etiology. A total of 2192 infants aged between 1 and 4.0 yr from nine regions of Tanzania comprised the sample of the prevalence survey. The overall prevalence of rampant caries resembling nursing caries was 6.8%. The prevalence varied considerably between 1.5% and 12.8% in the different regions and was closely associated with the varying prevalence of linear hypoplasia but not with fluoride content in drinking water. The relative risk of developing rampant caries in the presence of linear hypoplasia was 14.5. The case-control study comprised 116 cases, infants with rampant caries and 243 controls, without the disorder. Risk factors such as breast feeding frequency and duration during day and night, bottle feeding and weaning habits were assessed through a structured interview with the mother. Bottlefeeding was performed in only a minority of the infants for a short period (1.1 months) and in a low exposure frequency (0.4 daily) and was not associated with rampant caries. The frequency of sugar moments in the supplementary diet was on average 1.5 times per day and was not associated with rampant caries. The duration and frequency of breast feeding during the day was also not associated. The habit of allowing infants to sleep with the breast nipple in their mouths and the presence of linear hypoplasia were strongly associated with rampant caries. Odds ratios for these variables were 17.8 and 15.6 respectively.Based on these associations it is concluded that rampant caries in this sample was caused by the habit of allowing infants to sleep with the breast nipple in their mouths, whereas linear hypoplasia is considered to be a predisposing factor.
Matee M, van't Hof M, Maselle S, Mikx F, van Palenstein Helderman W
Department of Microbiology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
A cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of rampant caries in infants and a case-control study were executed to determine the prevalence of rampant caries and its etiology. A total of 2192 infants aged between 1 and 4.0 yr from nine regions of Tanzania comprised the sample of the prevalence survey. The overall prevalence of rampant caries resembling nursing caries was 6.8%. The prevalence varied considerably between 1.5% and 12.8% in the different regions and was closely associated with the varying prevalence of linear hypoplasia but not with fluoride content in drinking water. The relative risk of developing rampant caries in the presence of linear hypoplasia was 14.5. The case-control study comprised 116 cases, infants with rampant caries and 243 controls, without the disorder. Risk factors such as breast feeding frequency and duration during day and night, bottle feeding and weaning habits were assessed through a structured interview with the mother. Bottlefeeding was performed in only a minority of the infants for a short period (1.1 months) and in a low exposure frequency (0.4 daily) and was not associated with rampant caries. The frequency of sugar moments in the supplementary diet was on average 1.5 times per day and was not associated with rampant caries. The duration and frequency of breast feeding during the day was also not associated. The habit of allowing infants to sleep with the breast nipple in their mouths and the presence of linear hypoplasia were strongly associated with rampant caries. Odds ratios for these variables were 17.8 and 15.6 respectively.Based on these associations it is concluded that rampant caries in this sample was caused by the habit of allowing infants to sleep with the breast nipple in their mouths, whereas linear hypoplasia is considered to be a predisposing factor.
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